"zero-emission" is the future

       All fossil fuels will eventually disappear, so it is essential that we use the most effective way possible.  Moreover, considering that the world's population from 2000 to 2030  will grow at a rate of 0.9% per year, parallel energy demand will increase at a rate of 1.6% per year.
 
      The future is uncertain for oil considering that we are approaching the peak of its production, between 2010 and 2015, and from there begin to decline more or less gradual.The global energy system faces many challenges during this century. Should continue to provide safe and affordable energy to face the increasing demand. At the same time, society expects cleaner energy and a greater emphasis on environmental sustainability. 

      In this sense we have developed a large number of clean, more efficient technologies for coal, and is actively working in the area of ​​carbon capture and geological storage of carbon dioxide.

     

Nuclear energy

The "fuel" nuclear.The nuclei of atoms, protons and neutrons formed, constitute the bulk of the mass of the ground material, as well as the known portion of the universe. Unwrap the nucleons that form the core requires providing energy as it is necessary to overcome the attractive forces nuclear. 


 NUCLEAR ENERGY 

The nuclear fission.The potential barrier which must penetrate a core for its fission occurs (ie, so that the core is cleaved at one or more parts) is usually a small fraction of the energy released by the fission same. The magnitude of the barrier depends on the initial state of the core, and even lower when the nucleus is in an excited state.

 
Nuclear fusion. On Earth it only has proven its viability as fusion bombs. They achieve the require  pressure and temperature through previous fission reactions. A production of energy, in a controlled manner by nuclear fusion reactions are devoted enormous economic effort, human, technical, etc., But currently has not been met.

 

Reactors  pressurized heavy water. These reactors use heavy water as coolant and moderator. The fuel is natural uranium. The design of the pressure tube allows recharging without reactor shutdown.Pressure is regulated by a pressurizer. The secondary circuit uses light water.


  
 

Fast neutron reactors.Such reactors are different from all others, so-called slow neutrons, because using no moderator to slow the neutrons released during the fission process. For the nuclear reaction is maintained without moderator is necessary that the reactor core has an amount of fuel (by volume) was higher than in slow neutron reactors, i.e. in them the fissile material is very concentrated. As the thermal power is also very high, it becomes necessary to extract the energy produced in the core.

Here is a map of nuclear energy in the world:

Renewable energy

 They are considered renewable energy those energies that occur naturally continuous. They are essentially characterized by being clean, not to pollute the planet and reduce their resources.

SOLAR ENERGY:Is to capture the energy of the sun's rays reaching the earth's surface and then use it as heat. There are three ways to use essential: low, medium and high temperature. The heat transfer fluid flows through the collector, through channels, and is heated by the sun's rays that affect it. This liquid can be used directly or stored in an accumulator for later use. These applications are typically for the production of electricity from a heat reservoir at high temperature, in the same way you would a conventional power station without the use of fossil fuel.

WIND ENERGY: Is to convert wind power into electricity. The turbines may be of horizontal or vertical axis. The most efficient and the most used are the horizontal axis. The breakthrough that is taking this technology is expanding the range of everyday work. The rotor and the nacelle of the wind turbine tower are placed in one because the wind increases with altitude above the ground. They are located away from obstacles like trees, buildings, etc.

 
SMALL HYDRO:Is to convert the kinetic energy and power of a waterfall into electricity. The water drives a water turbine which in turn transmits it to a mechanical energy generator. The first advantage of the flow of a river, diverting it to the center and passing through a turbine.Normally this water is stored for supply to towns and irrigation areas. The advantage of this technology is that it can generate electricity at the precise moment it is needed, thus adapting the electrical need.


BIOMASS ENERGY:Is to harness the energy value of organic materials by combustion or use of derivatives in the gaseous or liquid.  Each type requires a different approach to technology: a gross biomass should be burned, whereas the liquid biomass and biogas is used as fuel for combustion engines. The forest wood, garden waste, egg shells and nuts, olive pits and other industrial residues companies are different types of solid biofuels.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: Is one of the few that is not rooted in the influence of the sun on the earth's crust, but it comes from the large temperature difference between the surface of the earth and its kernel. It consists in the use of the heat flux leaving the core of the earth to the surface.The facility is best known for producing heat for buildings. Spas and heated swimming pools, heating and hot water, agriculture, aquaculture and industrial uses.

Fossil energy

Fuel: substance capable of burning, ie rapidly combine with oxygen with an exotherm more or less high.  Are characterized by being constituted by a mixture of few elements: carbon, hydrogen and sulfur. Fossil fuels come from living things fermented residues that were buried during the era of the great cataclysms.
 

Coal
 Its main constituent is carbon, together with oxygen and hydrogen, and minor amounts of sulfur and nitrogen. It is used in different sectors including electricity generation, the production of iron and steel etc. Coal plays a vital role in power generation.


Oil 
Oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons.It is present in our daily lives, as fuel for transport. We must bear in mind that this raw material provides a large amount of products we use so indispensable automotive components, plastics, utensils various ... 


Natural gas
The quintessential gaseous fuel is natural gas. It is a nontoxic compound, colorless, odorless, comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons in which the main component is methane. But its chemical composition varies widely by source, since usually be associated with other molecules or elements, such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and helium, extract is necessary for industrial use.

Wood

The value of wood removals has experienced some decline in the last five years, while the value of non-timber forest products has increased. Far from being a sustainable production, able to ensure the maintenance of the productivity of forests, their biodiversity and the livelihoods of the people who live there or who depend on its resources, the current model of commercial logging is a threat to forest conservation, both for its direct impact and the fact of open wooded areas hitherto untouched to secondary uses: agriculture, hunting, etc..



 There are methods to ensure that the wood comes from managed forests consume properly, with the timber certification best known. It consists of an independent body certifying that the wood was obtained through sustainable forestry practices.Other initiatives  are related to the regulation of trade in certain species, such as the inclusion of forest species. The International Tropical Timber Organization is also promoting measures to promote the conservation and sustainable management of tropical forests

Water

Of all the renewable resources of the planet, fresh water is the most important. 
Water resources must respond to multiple demands: mouth water, sanitation, food, energy, industry and preserve ecosystems. This is really complex. Water resources are finite and their distribution on the planet is not proportional to the number of inhabitants.


Unlike oil and most commodities, water is not only a resource that has value only when it is extracted and made available for use by humans. Fundamentally fresh water is a life support.
Demographic growth and the expansion of economic activities are placing huge demands on our water resources.

The international community in the last decade was an increased awareness of the need to eradicate poverty and consequently attempting a sustainable management of water resources. Concern about this resource is reflected by the number of forums set to discuss the issue from the international down to the local.